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中华关节外科杂志(电子版) ›› 2025, Vol. 19 ›› Issue (04) : 409 -417. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-134X.2025.04.003

临床论著

氨甲环酸对下肢关节置换术后贫血及凝血功能的影响
高焱1,2, 郝彦明1,(), 叶晓生1, 钱荣勋1, 陆轲1, 高晓明1, 李翀2,3, 徐又佳4   
  1. 1215300 昆山市第一人民医院关节外科
    2215006 苏州大学医学院
    3215300 昆山市中医院骨科
    4215004 苏州大学附属第二医院关节外科
  • 收稿日期:2025-01-05 出版日期:2025-08-01
  • 通信作者: 郝彦明
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金(82172441); 苏州市科技发展计划(市重点实验室建设)项目(SZS2024018); 昆山市重点研发计划(社会发展)(KS2405,KS2312)

Effects of tranexamic acid on postoperative anemia and coagulation function following lower limb joint replacement surgery

Yan Gao1,2, Yanming Hao1,(), Xiaosheng Ye1, Rongxun Qian1, Ke Lu1, Xiaoming Gao1, Chong Li2,3, Youjia Xu4   

  1. 1Department of Arthroplasty, The First People’s Hospital of Kunshan, Kunshan 215300, China
    2Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
    3Department of Orthopedics, Kunshan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Kunshan 215300, China
    4Department of Arthroplasty, The Second Affiliated Hospital ofSoochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
  • Received:2025-01-05 Published:2025-08-01
  • Corresponding author: Yanming Hao
引用本文:

高焱, 郝彦明, 叶晓生, 钱荣勋, 陆轲, 高晓明, 李翀, 徐又佳. 氨甲环酸对下肢关节置换术后贫血及凝血功能的影响[J/OL]. 中华关节外科杂志(电子版), 2025, 19(04): 409-417.

Yan Gao, Yanming Hao, Xiaosheng Ye, Rongxun Qian, Ke Lu, Xiaoming Gao, Chong Li, Youjia Xu. Effects of tranexamic acid on postoperative anemia and coagulation function following lower limb joint replacement surgery[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Joint Surgery(Electronic Edition), 2025, 19(04): 409-417.

目的

本研究旨在评估术中是否使用氨甲环酸(TXA)对下肢关节置换患者术后出、凝血功能的影响。

方法

本研究为回顾性队列研究,纳入2018年4月至2021年2月间在江苏大学附属昆山医院行下肢关节置换术的患者。纳入标准为确诊需行下肢关节置换(包括全膝、单髁、股骨头置换及全髋关节置换)的患者,无氨甲环酸或研究所用抗凝剂的禁忌证。排除标准包括对氨甲环酸或任一研究抗凝剂过敏或有禁忌、既往或现有凝血功能障碍或出血倾向、同时服用会干扰抗凝或增加出血风险的药物、严重肾功能损害(如肌酐清除率<30 ml/min)、近6个月内活动性或既往消化性溃疡/胃肠道出血史,或过去一年内有静脉血栓栓塞事件(如深静脉血栓、肺栓塞)史。研究通过收集患者术前和术后48 h的血常规、生化指标及凝血指标数据,根据术中是否使用TXA分组,比较其术后血红蛋白、红细胞压积、输血率及凝血指标。两组间计量资料数据根据其正态性选择用t检验或者Mann-Whitney U秩和检验比较,分类变量的组间比较采用卡方检验。使用logistic回归和多重线性回归控制混在因素,在术后序贯不同抗凝剂的情况下,术中是否使用TXA对术后血红蛋白水平、输血率及凝血指标的独立影响。

结果

本研究共纳入403例患者,其中术中使用TXA 190例,未使用TXA 213例。术后抗凝采用低分子肝素者294例,采用口服抗凝药者109例。TXA组术后血红蛋白(111.25±18.35)g/L和红细胞压积(34.38%)高于对照组[(106.25±18.42)g/L,32.91%](t=-2.65,P=0.009;t=-2.26,P=0.024)。TXA组的输血率为8.84%,低于对照组的19.19%(χ2=8.29,P<0.05)。Logistics回归分析显示,使用TXA可降低术后中度贫血的发生风险[OR=0.34,95%CI(0.17,0.69),P=0.003],并减少输血需求[OR=0.34,95%CI(0.17,0.68),P=0.002]。多重线性回归分析结果显示,术中使用TXA以及术后序贯不同类型的抗凝剂对术后凝血指标无明显影响。

结论

术中TXA的使用能够提高下肢关节置换术后患者的血红蛋白水平,减少输血需求,并降低中度贫血的发生风险。在术后序贯不同抗凝剂背景下,术中TXA的使用未增加术后凝血异常的风险,表明其在减少术后出血的同时具有良好的安全性。

Objective

To evaluate the effect of intraoperative tranexamic acid (TXA) use on postoperative coagulation and fibrinolysis function following lower extremity joint arthroplasty.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included the patients who underwent lower limb joint replacement surgery at the Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University between April 2018 and February 2021. Inclusion criteria: patients indicated for lower-limb arthroplasty (total knee, unicompartmental knee, hemiarthroplasty, or total hip) with no contraindications to tranexamic acid or the study anticoagulants. Exclusion criteria: allergy or contraindication to tranexamic acid or any study anticoagulant; past or current coagulopathy or bleeding tendency; concomitant use of drugs that affect anticoagulation or increase bleeding risk; severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance <30 ml/min); active or prior peptic ulcer/gastrointestinal bleeding within six months; or venous thromboembolism (e.g., deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism) within the past year. Data on preoperative and postoperative 48-hour blood routine, biochemical markers, and coagulation indicators were collected. Patients were divided into different groups based on the use of TXA. The outcomes measured included postoperative hemoglobin, hematocrit, transfusion rate, and coagulation indicators. Data between groups were compared using t-tests or Mann-Whitney U rank-sum tests for continuous variables, and chi square tests for categorical variables.The independent effect of intraoperative tranexamic acid (TXA) use on postoperative hemoglobin levels, transfusion rates, and coagulation indicators after sequential administration of different anticoagulants, controlling for confounding factors using logistic and multiple linear regression.

Results

A total of 403 patients were enrolled. Among them, 190 patients received tranexamic acid (TXA) intraoperatively, while 213 patients did not. Postoperative anticoagulation was achieved with low-molecular-weight heparin in 294 patients and with oral anticoagulants in 109 patients. The TXA group had significantly higher postoperative hemoglobin (111.25 ± 18.35) g/L and hematocrit (34.38%) compared to the control group [(106.25 ± 18.42) g/L, 32.91%] (t=-2.65, P=0.009; t=-2.26, P=0.024). The transfusion rate in the TXA group was 8.84%, significantly lower than the 19.19% observed in the control group (χ2=8.294, P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that TXA use reduced the risk of moderate postoperative anemia [odds ratio (OR)=0.34, 95%CI (0.17, 0.69), P=0.003] and decreased transfusion requirements [OR=0.34, 95%CI (0.17, 0.68), P=0.002]. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that intraoperative TXA and postoperative sequential anticoagulation with different types of anticoagulants had no significant effect on postoperative coagulation parameters.

Conclusions

TXA administration improves postoperative hemoglobin levels, reduces transfusion requirements, and lowers the risk of moderate anemia in patients undergoing lower limb joint replacement surgery. In the context of sequential anticoagulants following surgery, TXA use did not increase the risk of postoperative coagulation abnormalities, indicating its effectiveness in reducing bleeding while maintaining a favorable safety profile.

表1 研究人群基线特征
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population
项目Items 对照组Control group 氨甲环酸组TXA group 统计值Statistical values P
例数Number of cases 213 190    
性别[n (%)] Gender        
女性Female 136(63.85) 133(70.00) χ2=1.71 >0.05
男性Male 77(36.15) 57(30.00)    
年龄[岁,(±s)] Age(year) 72.00±12.84 69.61±10.73 t=2.02 0.044
身高[cm,(±s)] Height 155.67±22.10 152.63±24.71 t=0.98 >0.05
体重[kg,(±s)] Weight 66.29±25.60 67.31±26.77 t=-0.30 >0.05
疾病种类[n (%)] Disease types        
股骨颈骨折Femoral neck fracture 101(47.42) 70(36.84)    
髋关节病Hip disease 48(22.54) 36(18.95) χ2=8.75 0.013
膝关节病Knee disease 64(30.05) 84(44.21)    
手术医生[n (%)] Surgeons        
A医生Doctor A 42(19.72) 53(28.04) χ2=29.67 <0.001
B医生Doctor B 124(58.22) 80(42.33)    
C医生Doctor C 13(6.10) 40(21.16)    
D医生Doctor D 34(15.96) 16(8.47)    
手术类型[n (%)] Surgery types        
全膝关节置换Total knee arthroplasty 31(14.55) 54(28.42)    
单髁置换Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty 33(15.49) 30(15.79) χ2=20.02 <0.001
人工股骨头置换Hip hemiarthroplasty 77(36.15) 36(18.95)    
全髋关节置换Total hip arthroplasty 72(33.80) 70(36.84)    
术前全血生化指标Blood biochemical indicators before surgery        
Hb [g/L,(±s)] 111.64±21.05 115.11±22.04 t=-1.62 >0.05
PLT [109 /L,MP25P75)] Platelets 174.00(124.00,214.00) 187.00(144.00,238.50) Z=-2.34 0.019
红细胞压积[%,(±s)] Hematocrit 33.18±6.07 34.85±5.99 t=-2.76 0.006
HDL[mmol/L,(±s)] 1.42±0.26 1.43±0.33 t=-0.05 >0.05
低密度脂蛋白[mmol/L,(±s)] Low-density lipoprotein 2.62±0.80 2.76±0.82 t=-1.47 >0.05
ALB白蛋白[g/L,(±s)]Albumin 35.83±5.91 36.80±5.60 t=-1.68 >0.05
尿素氮[umol/L,MP25P75)] Usea nitrogen Cr [umol/L,MP25P75)] 6.10(4.90,7.30) 5.82(4.50,7.20) Z=-1.76 >0.05
术前凝血指标Preoperative coagulation parameters 57.00(48.00,70.00) 57.00(48.00,69.00) Z=-0.03 >0.05
DD [mg/L,MP25P75)] 3.13(0.52,8.49) 2.06(0.48,6.97) Z=-1.47 >0.05
PT [s,(±s)] 11.47±1.96 11.12±1.47 t=3.34 0.046
TT [s,MP25P75)] 18.50(17.50,19.30) 18.55(17.50,19.30) Z=-0.23 >0.05
APTT [s,MP25P75)] 28.30(25.40,31.30) 28.05(26.43,30.20) Z=-0.17 >0.05
INR [MP25P75)] 0.97(0.92,1.03) 0.94(0.90,1.01) Z=-3.14 0.003
FIB [g/L,(±s)], 2.82(2.38,3.40) 3.08(2.52,4.02) Z=-2.53 0.011
抗凝药物[n (%)] Anticoagulant medication        
低分子肝素[n (%)] Low-molecular-weight heparin 160(75.12) 134(70.53) χ2=1.07 >0.05
口服抗凝药[n (%)] Oral anticoagulants 53(24.88) 56(29.47)    
住院天数[d,(±s)] Length of hospital stay 14.01±5.45 14.04±5.04 t=-0.04 >0.05
住院总费用[万元,(±s)] Total hospitalization cost 6.37±1.76 6.19±1.41 t=1.13 >0.05
表2 TXA对下肢关节置换术后Hb、红细胞压积、输血率以及术后凝血指标的影响
Table 2 Effects of TXA on postoperative hemoglobin, hematocrit, transfusion rate, and coagulation parameters after lower-limb arthroplasty
表3 TXA的使用对术后发生中度贫血的logistic回归分析
Table 3 Logistic regression analysis of TXA on moderate postoperative anemia
表4 TXA的使用对术后输血率影响的logistic回归分析
Table 4 Logistic regression analysis of the impact of TXA on postoperative transfusion rate
表5 TXA的使用对术后凝血指标的影响
Table 5 Impacts of TXA on postoperative coagulation parameters
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