中枢神经系统在运动控制与功能重建中起着核心作用，其可塑性调节在运动损伤康复过程中具有重要意义。近年来，随着神经影像与非侵入性脑刺激技术的进步，中枢神经评估与调控成为运动损伤康复研究的前沿方向。本文综述了相关技术在运动损伤康复中的研究进展。在评估技术层面，功能磁共振成像、脑电图、近红外脑功能成像及经颅磁刺激等神经影像学与神经调控技术，可动态监测脑功能活动状态，有效揭示运动损伤发生与康复干预全过程中的脑网络重塑规律与特征。在调控层面，经颅磁刺激、经颅直流电刺激、经颅交流电刺激和时域干涉刺激通过靶向调节神经元兴奋性，促进运动功能重建。不同技术在时空分辨率、运动任务适用性、刺激深度和可重复性方面各有优势与局限。鉴于多模态信号具有互补价值、实时反馈技术逐渐成熟，且个体间神经反应存在较大差异，未来应重点探索中枢与外周信息融合的反馈式康复，以及结合人工智能和个体解剖功能特征的精准神经调控。

The central nervous system plays a critical role in motor control and functional recovery, and the regulation of neural plasticity is of great importance throughout the rehabilitation of sports injuries. In recent years, advances in neuroimaging and non-invasive brain stimulation have made central nervous system assessment and neuromodulation a frontier area in sports injury rehabilitation research. This review summarized recent advances in the application of these techniques to sports injury rehabilitation. At the assessment level, functional magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, functional near-infrared spectroscopy, and transcranial magnetic stimulation can dynamically monitor brain functional activity and reveal the patterns and characteristics of brain network reorganization throughout the occurrence of sports injuries and subsequent rehabilitation interventions. At the modulation level, transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, transcranial alternating current stimulation, and temporal interference stimulation promote motor function recovery by selectively modulating neuronal excitability. These techniques have distinct strengths and limitations in terms of spatial and temporal resolution, applicability to motor tasks, stimulation depth, and reproducibility. Given the complementary value of multimodal signals, the increasing maturity of real-time feedback technologies, and considerable interindividual variability in neural responses, future research should focus on feedback-based rehabilitation integrating central and peripheral information, as well as precision neuromodulation combining artificial intelligence with individualized anatomical and functional characteristics.