前交叉韧带损伤的诊断与治疗进展

doi:10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-134X.2026.03.013

中华关节外科杂志(电子版) ›› 2026, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (03) : 358 -365. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-134X.2026.03.013

综述

前交叉韧带损伤的诊断与治疗进展

冯文广¹, 孙艳宏², 赵挺祺³, 姜涛², 林业¹, 王海洋¹, 郭有为¹, 姜助国¹, 牛亚清¹, 张国梁¹^,^†(

)

¹　010050　呼和浩特，内蒙古医科大学附属医院骨科
²　010050　呼和浩特，内蒙古医科大学
³　014040　包头市，包头市第六医院医务部

收稿日期:2025-06-22 出版日期:2026-06-01
通信作者: 张国梁
基金资助:
内蒙古自治区自然科学基金资助项目(2025LHNS033); 内蒙古医科大学面上项目(YKD2024MS016); 内蒙古医学科学院公立医院联合基金科技项目(2024GLLH0320)

Diagnosis and treatment advances in anterior cruciate ligament injuries

Wenguang Feng¹, Yanhong Sun², Tingqi Zhao³, Tao Jiang², Ye Lin¹, Haiyang Wang¹, Youwei Guo¹, Zhuguo Jiang¹, Yaqing Niu¹, Guoliang Zhang¹^,^†()

¹ Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, China
² Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, China
³ Department of Medical Administration Sixth Hospital of Baotou, Baotou 014040, China

Received:2025-06-22 Published:2026-06-01
Corresponding author: Guoliang Zhang

全文 ( ) 下载PDF ( ) 导出引用

引用本文：

冯文广, 孙艳宏, 赵挺祺, 姜涛, 林业, 王海洋, 郭有为, 姜助国, 牛亚清, 张国梁. 前交叉韧带损伤的诊断与治疗进展[J/OL]. 中华关节外科杂志(电子版), 2026, 20(03): 358-365.

Wenguang Feng, Yanhong Sun, Tingqi Zhao, Tao Jiang, Ye Lin, Haiyang Wang, Youwei Guo, Zhuguo Jiang, Yaqing Niu, Guoliang Zhang. Diagnosis and treatment advances in anterior cruciate ligament injuries[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Joint Surgery(Electronic Edition), 2026, 20(03): 358-365.

前交叉韧带（ACL）损伤是膝关节常见软组织损伤，多由非接触性或接触性暴力所致。目前，关节镜下ACL重建术是治疗该损伤的金标准。ACL重建术有若干可供选择的术式，而术后恢复又受ACL残端是否保留、移植物选择、固定方式、单束或双束重建及股骨隧道钻孔技术诸种因素的影响。因此，本文对ACL的解剖学特征、ACL损伤的传统及新兴诊断方法（高分辨率MRI、超声、人工智能辅助诊断及生物标志物等）、重建术中残端处理、移植物选择与固定、单双束重建、股骨隧道钻孔技术及前外侧韧带联合重建做了系统综述。

关键词: 前交叉韧带, 解剖, 诊断, 治疗

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a common soft tissue injury of the knee joint, often caused by non-contact or contact violence. Currently, arthroscopic ACL reconstruction is considered the gold standard for treating this injury. Various surgical techniques are available for ACL reconstruction, and postoperative recovery is influenced by multiple factors, including the preservation of the ACL remnant, graft selection, fixation methods, single-bundle versus double-bundle reconstruction, and femoral tunnel drilling technique. Therefore, this article provided a systematic review of the anatomical characteristics of the ACL, traditional and emerging diagnostic methods for ACL injury (such as high-resolution MRI, ultrasound, artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis, and biomarkers), as well as aspects related to remnant management during reconstruction, graft selection and fixation, single-versus double-bundle reconstruction, femoral tunnel drilling techniques, and combined reconstruction of the anterolateral ligament.

Key words: Anterior cruciate ligament, Anatomy, Diagnosis, Treatment

图1 ACL（前交叉韧带）双束附着点。图A为ACL的AM（前内侧束）和PL（后外侧束）股骨插入部位；图B为ACL的AM和PL的胫骨插入部位注：LAT-外侧；MED-内侧

Figure 1 Bilateral attachment points of ACL ( anterior cruciate ligament). A shows femoral insertion sites of the AM (anterior medial) and PL (posterior lateral) bundles of ACL; B shows tibial insertion sites of the AM and PL bundles of ACL Note: LAT-lateral; MED-medial

表1 不同移植物的临床对比

Table 1 Clinical comparison of different grafts

指标	BPTB	HT	QT	同种异体移植物	人工韧带
初始强度（N）	2 400～3 000	1 800～2 500	2 200～3 200	1 600～2 800	＞3 000
骨-骨愈合速度	快（3～6个月）	慢（软组织愈合）	中等（带骨块者较快）	更慢（免疫排斥风险）	无真正腱-骨愈合
供区并发症	髌前疼痛（15%～30%）、髌腱断裂、髌骨骨折	隐神经损伤、屈膝无力、肌力下降	股四头肌萎缩、伸膝无力	无供区损伤	无供区损伤
术后疼痛	较高（尤其跪地痛）	轻至中度	中度	低	低
康复速度	中等	快（早期活动）	较慢（需保护伸膝）	慢（延迟整合）	极快（可早期负重）
5年内再断裂率	2%～5%	5%～8%	3%～6%	8%～12%	6%～10%（长期数据有限）
适合人群	年轻、高运动需求者、翻修患者	多数初次重建患者	髌腱或腘绳肌供区不佳者	多韧带损伤、二次手术、年龄较大者	特定适应证（如职业需求快速恢复）

表1 不同移植物的临床对比

Table 1 Clinical comparison of different grafts

指标	BPTB	HT	QT	同种异体移植物	人工韧带
初始强度（N）	2 400～3 000	1 800～2 500	2 200～3 200	1 600～2 800	＞3 000
骨-骨愈合速度	快（3～6个月）	慢（软组织愈合）	中等（带骨块者较快）	更慢（免疫排斥风险）	无真正腱-骨愈合
供区并发症	髌前疼痛（15%～30%）、髌腱断裂、髌骨骨折	隐神经损伤、屈膝无力、肌力下降	股四头肌萎缩、伸膝无力	无供区损伤	无供区损伤
术后疼痛	较高（尤其跪地痛）	轻至中度	中度	低	低
康复速度	中等	快（早期活动）	较慢（需保护伸膝）	慢（延迟整合）	极快（可早期负重）
5年内再断裂率	2%～5%	5%～8%	3%～6%	8%～12%	6%～10%（长期数据有限）
适合人群	年轻、高运动需求者、翻修患者	多数初次重建患者	髌腱或腘绳肌供区不佳者	多韧带损伤、二次手术、年龄较大者	特定适应证（如职业需求快速恢复）

［1］	Coen SE, Downie V, Follett L, et al. Gendered environmental pathways to sports injury: insights from retired athletes in the UK high-performance context［J］. Br J Sports Med, 2024, 58（24）: 1505－1517.
［2］	Morales-Avalos R, Torres-González EM, Padilla-Medina JR, et al. ACL anatomy: Is there still something to learn［J］. Rev Española De Cirugía Ortopédica Y Traumatol, 2024, 68（4）: 422－427.
［3］	Gupta R, Nayyar AK, Dushyant A, et al. Morphometry of anterior cruciate ligament in knee joint. a cadaveric study［J］. Clin Ter, 2022, 173（5）: 458－463.
［4］	Vivekanantha P, Grzela P, Wong S, et al. Tendon cross-sectional area on magnetic resonance imaging and anthropometric characteristics can be used to predict insufficient four-strand hamstring autograft diameter in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review［J］. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2024, 32（6）: 1470－1491.
［5］	D’onofrio R, Pompa D, Savoia C, et al. Pressing, pressure and re-aggressing as tactical movement of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in women’s soccer［J/OL］. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 2025, 65（5）: 657－664. DOI: 10.23736/s0022－4707.24.16402－x.
［6］	Andreyo E, Unverzagt C, Dos’Santos T, et al. Clinical utility of qualitative change of direction movement assessment in ACL injury risk evaluation［J/OL］. Int J Phys Phys Ther, 2024, 19（10）: 1263－1278. DOI: 10.26603/001c.123483.
［7］	任富继, 吴疆, 赵栋, 等. 不同程度初级膝内翻对前交叉韧带重建术后早期疗效的影响研究［J］. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2024, 38（07）: 823－829.
［8］	Zhou P, Zhao Z, Zang Y, et al. Structurally diverse terpenoids from Pseudotsugabrevifolia and their inhibitory effects against ACL and ACC1 enzymes［J］. Chin J Nat Med, 2025, 23（9）: 1122－1132.
［9］	李达, 王现亮, 刘存兵, 等. 膝关节内侧半月板后根部撕裂的MRI表现［J］. 磁共振成像, 2015, 6（9）: 682－686.
［10］	潘珂, 刘倩倩, 唐玲玲, 等. 人工智能-压缩感知与压缩感知在膝关节MRI中的加速效率及图像质量评价研究［J］. 磁共振成像, 2022, 13（5）: 94－98.
［11］	Jia Z, Greven J, Hildebrand F, et al. Conservative treatment versus surgical reconstruction for ACL rupture: a systemic review［J］. J Orthop, 2024, 57: 8－16.
［12］	Komnos GA, Hantes MH, Kalifis G, et al. Anterior cruciate ligament tear: individualized indications for non-operative management［J/OL］. J Clin Med, 2024, 13（20）: 6233. DOI: 10.3390/jcm13206233.
［13］	Heyworth CR, Berube LE, Gossman EC, et al. Functional bracing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions: a review of the current literature［J/OL］. J Pediatr Soc North Am, 2025, 12: 100215. DOI: 10.1016/j.jposna.2025.100215.
［14］	Papaleontiou A, Poupard AM, Mahajan UD, et al. Conservative vs surgical treatment of anterior cruciate ligament rupture: a systematic review［J/OL］. Cureus, 2024, 16（3）: e56532. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56532.
［15］	唐浩, 郭盛杰, 陈虹, 等. 人工全膝关节置换术中智能关节内应力测量系统与传统软组织平衡评估方法的比较研究［J］. 骨科临床与研究杂志, 2016, 1（1）: 28－33, 38.
［16］	Zhang Y, Xiao X, Deng W, et al. Is remnant preservation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction superior to the standard technique An overview of systematic reviews［J/OL］. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2023, 24（1）: 910. DOI: 10.1186/s12891－023－07030－4.
［17］	Sundberg A, Högberg J, Tosarelli F, et al. Sport-specific injury mechanisms and situational patterns of ACL injuries: a comprehensive systematic review［J］. Phys Med, 2025, 55（10）: 2489－2527.
［18］	Allende F, Allahabadi S, Sachdev D, et al. Comparing clinical outcomes and knee stability in remnant-preserving ACL reconstruction versus standard ACL reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis［J］. Am J Sports Med, 2024, 52（14）: 3651－3661.
［19］	Robson AW. VI. ruptured crucial ligaments and their repair by operation［J］. Ann Surg, 1903, 37（5）: 716－718.
［20］	Enechukwu AOM, Stögner V-A, Vogt PM. Eigengewebsrekonstruktion der unterenextremität–indikation und technik［J］. Die Chir, 2022, 93（10）: 1007－1018.
［21］	Fleming BC, Carey JL, Spindler KP, et al. Can suture repair of ACL transection restore normal anteroposterior laxity of the knee? An ex vivo study［J］. J Orthop Res, 2008, 26（11）: 1500－1505.
［22］	Williams NR, Yin S, Guzman AJ, et al. Tibial spine avulsion repair with FiberRing suture and anterior cruciate ligament repair TightRope［J］. Arthrosc Tech, 2023, 12（12）: e2381－e2385.
［23］	Moutzouros V, Castle JP, Gasparro MA, et al. Anterior cruciate ligament hybrid remnant preservation reconstruction demonstrates equivalent patient-reported outcomes and complications as traditional anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction after 1 year［J/OL］. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil, 2024, 6（2）: 100875. DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2023.100875.
［24］	Chung K, Ham H, Kim SH, et al. Effect of graft choice for ACL reconstruction on clinical outcomes in combined ACL and MCL injuries: comparison between bone-patellar tendon-bone and hamstring autografts［J/OL］. J Clin Med, 2024, 13（21）: 6316. DOI: 10.3390/jcm13216316.
［25］	Asif N, Khan MJ, Singhal U, et al. Randomized controlled study comparing hamstring graft and peroneus longus tendon graft in arthroscopic ACL reconstruction［J］. J Orthop Case Rep, 2024, 14（11）: 240－245.
［26］	Yang X, Li Y, He C, et al. Early versus delayed start of weight-bearing after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstring tendons［J/OL］. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 2025, 65（2）: 230－237. DOI: 10.23736/s0022－4707.24.16134－8.
［27］	Feeley SM, Broome JN, Cherelstein RE, et al. Evaluating the importance of return to sports and hamstring strength in a discrete choice experiment for anterior cruciate ligament injury［J/OL］. Orthop J Sports Med, 2024, 12（11）: 23259671241282657. DOI: 10.1177/23259671241282657.
［28］	Holmgren D, Noory S, Mostöm E, et al. Weaker quadriceps muscle strength with a quadriceps tendon graft compared with a patellar or hamstring tendon graft at 7 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: response［J］. Am J Sports Med, 2024, 52（13）: NP43－NP46.
［29］	Torre G, Vasta S, Rocchi J, et al. Autograft choice and jumping performance after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a comparative study on professional athletes［J/OL］. Orthop J Sports Med, 2024, 12（10）: 23259671241278690. DOI: 10.1177/23259671241278690.
［30］	Hinz N, Müller MM, Eggeling L, et al. MCL augmentation using a peroneus longus split tendon autograft satisfactorily restores knee stability with no impairment in foot function and with a low failure rate for concurrent ACL reconstruction［J］. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2025, 33（6）: 2122－2135.
［31］	Thiel GE, Perleberg TD, Puga TB, et al. Tensile strength of the achilles tendon allograft: a comparative study of graft preparation technique［J/OL］. J Clin Med, 2024, 13（21）: 6488. DOI: 10.3390/jcm13216488.
［32］	Laboureau JP. Synthetic artificial ligament impregnated and coated with an elastic resin, and its coating process: French, EP19870400777［P］. EP0255408A1. 1988－02－03.
［33］	Moretti L, Garofalo R, Cassano GD, et al. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with LARS synthetic ligament: outcomes and failures［J/OL］. J Clin Med, 2025, 14（1）: 32. DOI: 10.3390/jcm14010032.
［34］	Yao G, Liu Y, Zhou Z, et al. A cadaveric study of the optimal isometric region on the anterolateral surface of the knee in anterolateral ligament reconstruction［J］. Orthop Surg, 2024, 16（1）: 157－166.
［35］	Diaz MA, Branch EA, Dunn JG, et al. Whipstitch and locking stitch show equivalent elongation and load to failure across 3 suture systems in a biomechanical model of quadriceps tendon grafts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction［J/OL］. Arthrosc Phys Med Rehabil, 2024, 6（5）: 100968. DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2024.100968.
［36］	Lind M, Nielsen TG, Nielsen FK, et al. Resorption characteristics of an open architecture biocomposite interference screw after ACL reconstruction［J/OL］. J Exp Orthop, 2024, 11（4）: e70016. DOI: 10.1002/jeo2.70016.
［37］	Tokura T, Hoshino Y, Nagai K, et al. A majority of the patient achieved both patient-acceptable symptom state and minimal clinically important difference of International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form score at one year after anatomical double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction［J/OL］. J ISAKOS, 2024, 9（6）: 100344. DOI: 10.1016/j.jisako.2024.100344.
［38］	Aga C, Trøan I, Heir S, et al. No difference in osteoarthritis, but less graft failures after 5 years, comparing anatomic double-bundle to anatomic single-bundle ACL reconstruction［J］. Knee Surg Sports TraumatolArthrosc, 2025, 33（8）: 2781－2792.
［39］	Oliveira JP, D’Almeida OC, Sampaio R, et al. Inside-out tibial tunnel drilling technique is a reliable approach for all-inside ACL reconstruction: a longitudinal MRI assessment［J/OL］. J Exp Orthop, 2024, 11（4）: e70068. DOI: 10.1002/jeo2.70068.
［40］	Huang T, Zhang L, Zhang J, et al. Optimal angles for independent femoral tunnel drillings to prevent damage to anatomic structures in single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction［J/OL］. J Orthop Surg Res, 2024, 19（1）: 745. DOI: 10.1186/s13018－024－05181－1.
［41］	Kim SH, Kang KT, Lee HJ, et al. Oval tunnel shows better rotational stability than round tunnel in anatomical single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: biomechanical study in a porcine model［J/OL］. Clin Orthop Surg, 2024, 16（6）: 925. DOI: 10.4055/cios24081.
［42］	Unal P, Samargandi R, Saad M, et al. Evaluation of retear rates following transtibial anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Functional outcomes and GNRB assessment with a mean 6.3-year follow-up［J］. J Orthop, 2024, 62: 56－61.
［43］	Baid M, Hait S, Daga S, et al. Arthroscopic reconstruction of an anterior cruciate ligament tear using the anatomic single-bundle technique: a clinical and functional outcome evaluation［J/OL］. Cureus, 2024, 16（9）: e69069. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.69069.
［44］	Jeon SW, Kim SH, Kim KI. Optimal tunnel positioning and graft diameter to minimize impingement in single-bundle ACL reconstruction: a 3D CT simulation analysis［J/OL］. Medicina, 2025, 61（6）: 946. DOI: 10.3390/medicina61060946.
［45］	Jos S, James A, Paul P, et al. Single stage revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction through anterolateral tunnel in a significantly widened tibial tunnel using peroneus longus tendon autograft-a case report［J］. J Orthop Case Rep, 2025, 15（10）: 84－88.
［46］	Wang HD, Zhang Z, Dai R, et al. The anterior cartilage edge of the lateral femoral condyle medial wall is a useful landmark to avoid tunnel convergence in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with lateral extra-articular tenodesis［J/OL］. Orthop J Sports Med, 2025, 13（10）: 23259671251356251. DOI: 10.1177/23259671251356251.
［47］	Moon HS, Kim SH, Song SY, et al. Impact of anterolateral ligament femoral tunnel orientation on tunnel collision and clinical outcomes in combined ACL and ALL reconstruction［J/OL］. Orthop J Sports Med, 2025, 13（9）: 23259671251371232. DOI: 10.1177/23259671251371232.
［48］	Jung SH, Kim SH, Chung K, et al. Optimal knee flexion angle for ACL femoral tunnel drilling and ALL femoral tunnel orientation in combined ACL and ALL reconstruction: 3D simulation study［J/OL］. Orthop J Phys Med, 2025, 13（8）: 23259671251360412. DOI: 10.1177/23259671251360412.
［49］	Sun P, Zhao Y, Men J, et al. Application of virtual and augmented reality technology in hip surgery: systematic review［J/OL］. J Med Internet Res, 2023, 25: e37599. DOI: 10.2196/37599.
［50］	闫旭, 张曼, 徐娜娜, 等. 老年人跌倒风险评估虚拟仿真护理教学平台的构建与实现［J］. 中华护理教育, 2025, 22（6）: 693－698.
［51］	Luo F, Hu Y, Liu S, et al. XR（extended reality: virtual reality, augmented reality, mixed reality）technology applications in orthopedic field［J/OL］. Medicine, 2025, 104（27）: e42956. DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000042956.

[1]	王子怡, 谢苗苗, 薄舟洋, 孙园园, 武莉娜, 王睿丽. 产后子宫坏死的超声造影表现及诊断价值[J/OL]. 中华医学超声杂志（电子版）, 2026, 23(05): 400-407.
[2]	曾维波, 何燕妮, 熊燃, 王珍, 许智莉, 刘红梅. 两广地区颈动脉狭窄及广东地区肾动脉狭窄与血管超声危急值管理现状调研[J/OL]. 中华医学超声杂志（电子版）, 2026, 23(05): 355-359.
[3]	陈曼, 郑雯, 常才, 俞清, 肖沪生, 赵宝珍, 施仲伟, 陈悦, 李丽蟾, 王文平. 上海市超声诊断设备配置现状调查与质量控制管理策略优化[J/OL]. 中华医学超声杂志（电子版）, 2026, 23(05): 369-373.
[4]	吴禹锟, 项方政, 郑伏甫. 上尿路尿路上皮癌保肾策略新进展[J/OL]. 中华腔镜泌尿外科杂志(电子版), 2026, 20(04): 367-372.
[5]	郭任博, 邹本奎, 边家盛. 转移性激素敏感性前列腺癌治疗决策及展望[J/OL]. 中华腔镜泌尿外科杂志(电子版), 2026, 20(04): 373-382.
[6]	杨龙雨禾, 王跃强, 卫娜, 杨剑兵, 招云亮, 马真, 田雨, 白蕾. 输尿管狭窄腔内治疗的研究进展[J/OL]. 中华腔镜泌尿外科杂志(电子版), 2026, 20(04): 463-467.
[7]	王杰艳, 胡博文, 曾小兰, 孙邓南, 梁辉. 电生理技术在泌尿外科中的应用和研究进展[J/OL]. 中华腔镜泌尿外科杂志(电子版), 2026, 20(04): 474-479.
[8]	中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会医政司. 原发性肝癌诊疗指南（2026年版）[J/OL]. 中华肝脏外科手术学电子杂志, 2026, 15(04): 443-507.
[9]	李海波, 李洋, 曾涛, 冯程, 李华. 基于3期RCT中国人群数据的肝细胞癌一线治疗方案网状Meta分析[J/OL]. 中华肝脏外科手术学电子杂志, 2026, 15(04): 558-567.
[10]	苟亚博, 肖晋昌, 神斌, 黄乾鑫, 魏宁, 刘洪涛, 徐浩, 祖茂衡, 张庆桥. 不同类型肝静脉型布加综合征介入治疗疗效分析[J/OL]. 中华肝脏外科手术学电子杂志, 2026, 15(04): 591-599.
[11]	谢敖文, 雷金, 王攀, 王文儿, 于毅, 彭欣然, 陶承刚, 黄熙龙. 脾外伤分级及治疗：单中心260例经验总结[J/OL]. 中华肝脏外科手术学电子杂志, 2026, 15(04): 627-633.
[12]	洪士皓, 杨昕. 个性化骨科手术中3D打印技术的临床应用与展望[J/OL]. 中华临床医师杂志(电子版), 2026, 20(04): 249-255.
[13]	孔琴, 岳慧玲, 侯卫华, 郑智, 何阿祥, 赵松, 陆群峰. 基于互联网技术赋能的医护康协作模式在前交叉韧带重建术后患者康复中的应用与评价[J/OL]. 中华临床医师杂志(电子版), 2026, 20(04): 265-274.
[14]	席雅楠, 姚国栋, 郭秀珍, 高斌礼, 赵渊, 李婷, 钟李岩, 李梦倩. IDEAS模式对机器人辅助结直肠癌根治术患者康复结局的影响[J/OL]. 中华临床医师杂志(电子版), 2026, 20(04): 285-291.
[15]	齐洪武, 徐泽雨. 脑脓肿的临床诊治进展[J/OL]. 中华临床医师杂志(电子版), 2026, 20(04): 327-331.

阅读次数

全文

摘要

选择文件类型/文献管理软件名称

选择包含的内容

Diagnosis and treatment advances in anterior cruciate ligament injuries

模态框（Modal）标题

选择文件类型/文献管理软件名称

选择包含的内容

Diagnosis and treatment advances in anterior cruciate ligament injuries