The central nervous system plays a critical role in motor control and functional recovery, and the regulation of neural plasticity is of great importance throughout the rehabilitation of sports injuries. In recent years, advances in neuroimaging and non-invasive brain stimulation have made central nervous system assessment and neuromodulation a frontier area in sports injury rehabilitation research. This review summarized recent advances in the application of these techniques to sports injury rehabilitation. At the assessment level, functional magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, functional near-infrared spectroscopy, and transcranial magnetic stimulation can dynamically monitor brain functional activity and reveal the patterns and characteristics of brain network reorganization throughout the occurrence of sports injuries and subsequent rehabilitation interventions. At the modulation level, transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, transcranial alternating current stimulation, and temporal interference stimulation promote motor function recovery by selectively modulating neuronal excitability. These techniques have distinct strengths and limitations in terms of spatial and temporal resolution, applicability to motor tasks, stimulation depth, and reproducibility. Given the complementary value of multimodal signals, the increasing maturity of real-time feedback technologies, and considerable interindividual variability in neural responses, future research should focus on feedback-based rehabilitation integrating central and peripheral information, as well as precision neuromodulation combining artificial intelligence with individualized anatomical and functional characteristics.